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keel
Ledger
65,295,146
Methodology
1.0.8-draft
Age
7s

VELO against USDC — what depth stands behind this price?

All assets

VELO / USDC

GDM4…2M5M

Risk band

Critical

partial confidence

A floor: the real band can only be worse.

Max safe collateral
68.75 USDC (shortened; full value 68.755668075681581343069825 USDC)Limited by manipulation cost
Depth within 5%
buy187.02 USDC (shortened; full value 187.0205768316915995122398804429 USDC)sell59.48 USDC (shortened; full value 59.486015946726843299075766160309916329985760179349 USDC)
Cost to move +50%
275.02 USDC (shortened; full value 275.0226723027263253722793 USDC)Reachable through the order book
Checks
3 triggered3 not evaluated

History

Window
Resolution
Source

Cost to move the price 50%

The stored series carries one manipulation rung, the +50% move. A reading the engine could not produce breaks the line rather than sitting at zero.

Lower at the end of the window than at its start

Lowest
130.14 USDC (shortened; full value 130.14023260315009629020346 USDC)
Highest
302.41 USDC (shortened; full value 302.41440750347440938074965 USDC)
2026-10-28T23:54:28Z — 2026-11-04T02:54:29Z
Cost to move +50%
275.02 USDC (shortened; full value 275.02267230273130479928209 USDC)
8 readings from horizon, with no gaps reported. One source per chart.

Checks

What fires now, how long it has been firing across the window above, and what could not run.
Cheap to move the pricenowMANIPULATION_CHEAPthroughout
Cheap next to real tradingnowMANIPULATION_RATIO_LOWthroughout
Thin depth at 5%nowTHIN_DEPTH_5PCTthroughout
Nothing tradable within 2%ZERO_DEPTH_2PCT3 of 8

Not evaluated3

  • No genuine trade in 30 days
  • No genuine trade in 7 days
  • Volume may be wash traded

Evidence

The figures behind the verdict, as the engine served them.

An averaging oracle makes an attacker outweigh genuine trading as well as move the book. A market with no genuine volume has no such defence.

Cost of a 50% move, order book only
275.02 USDC (shortened; full value 275.0226723027263253722793 USDC)

The target is reachable through the order book

Genuine volume in the oracle window
1.55 USDC (shortened; full value 1.5577915 USDC)

Over the last 900 seconds (15 minutes), after the genuine-trade filter

Cost against genuine volume
176.5465 (shortened; full value 176.5465226268896225022920589822)

Below 1, moving the price is cheaper than all genuine trading across the window. Not computed when there was no genuine volume or the target is unreachable

Total attack cost
276.58 USDC (shortened; full value 276.5804638027263253722793 USDC)

The move, plus the genuine volume an averaging oracle forces an attacker to outweigh